What are Pathogens and how they invade host ?

What are Pathogens?

Pathogens are the organisms which cause disease in living things.

For example., Bacteria, viruses, Fungi, protozoa, helminth, parasites etc.

How parasites cause harm to host ?

Parasites causes harm to the host by living in (or on ) them and multiply in large numbers.

For example, Malaria, a disease caused by parasite.

How pathogen invade host ?

Pathogens enter the body by various places of the body like skin ,mouth, etc and multiply , interfere with normal necessary activities.

It results in morphological & functional damage.

How Pathogens survive in the body of host ?

Pathogens have to adapt to life within the environment of the host.

For example., The pathogens that enter the gut must know a way of surviving in the stomach at low pH (1.5 to 3.5) which is acidic in nature.

And survive in the presence of digestive enzymes.

How to make biology notes

Making biology notes is an important part of the learning process in biology. Notes help you remember important concepts and can also serve as a useful reference when you are revising. Here are some tips on how to make effective biology notes. First , it is important to choose an appropriate way to take notes. You can use a pen and paper, or you can type your notes on a laptop or tablet. The important thing is to choose a method that works best for you. Second , you should make sure to include all relevant information in your notes. This means that you should include the key points of the lesson as well as any diagrams, equations, formulas, and examples. It is also helpful to include any questions that you may have asked the teacher. Third , it is important to organize your notes in a way that is easy to understand and review. Color-code your notes, use headings, and highlight important points. This will help you to quickly reference important information during revision. Fourth , to

Gram staining | History | Application |Principle | Procedure

Gram Stain In 1884, Hans Christian Gram discovered a staining technique that could help to visualise the infectious bacteria clearly and can easily study their morphology. In this technique he used crystal violet (the primary dye), Gram’s iodine (IKI, the mordant), an alcohol rinse (decolorizer), Safranin (counter stain ). A Gram stain is a test that checks for bacteria at the site of a suspected infection such as the throat, lungs, genitals, or in skin wounds. Gram stains may also be used to check for bacteria in certain body fluids, such as blood or urine . This color choice provides differentiation between bacteria that stain purple, called gram-positive, and those that stain red, called gram-negative. The difference between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria is due to the physical nature of their cell walls and how it reacts to the series of reagents applied to the cells . Gram positive bacteria has thick peptidoglycan layer in the cell wall and gram bacteria

Biology Unwinding

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